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When you use the words or original ideas of another person in your writing, you need to document, or give credit to, the sources of those words or ideas. If you use the exact words from the original, quotation marks are necessary. If you paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, don’t use quotation marks, but still document the source.

In the APA (American Psychological Association) format (7th ed. from 2020), you briefly identify your sources in the text of your paper, then give the full information in your References at the end of the paper.

Identify Sources in the Text

Cite the author’s last name in the text of your paper. (This is called a signal phrase.) Then, in parentheses, include the publication date and any other information required. If you don’t name an author in your text, give the author’s name and date in parentheses at the end of the sentence, along with other required information. See the examples below.

If you refer to the entire contents of a reference and mention the author:

According to Larson (2009), there is a trend toward waiting to marry and toward postponing the birth of the first child.

According to OpenAI (2023), financial stress due to inflation may lead some fathers to spend more time working and less time with their children.

If you do not mention the author in the text, include it at the end of the sentence, separated from the publication date by a comma:

Child support payments can be withheld from wages in more and more states (Schorr, 2001).

Due to spiraling inflation, balancing work with family obligations increasingly challenges fathers (OpenAI, 2023).

If you want to refer to a web address:

The Texas Attorney General's Office web site has Texas child support information (https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov).

If you refer to a specific portion of a reference, such as a direct quotation, include the page or chapter number at the end:

Fredersen (1997) notes that "natural fathers aren't the only ones raising children on their own. As more families split up, social workers note that stepfathers increasingly are being called on to bring up other people's kids" (p.62).

At the turn of the century many men worked long hours, which entailed their absence from the family for most of the day: That was not a rejection of fatherhood but a necessary element of it (MacNeil & O'Brien, 2002, chap. 5).

If you refer to publications with no author given, then place the first 1-3 key words from the title in quotes instead of using a name. If no date is supplied, then type n.d. instead. Some digital full-text sources do not have page numbers. In these cases, page numbers may be omitted from the in-text citation, but a paragraph number may be used instead:

Homes with absent fathers cost taxpayers $99.8 billion per year ("National Fatherhood," n.d., para. 2).

If you refer to a source that is cited in another (secondary) source, name the original source in your signal phrase. Include the secondary source in your list of references and refer to it in parenthesis in your text:

In My Life in Art, Stanislavski explains how puppetry influenced his acting (as cited in McBain, 2024, p. 132).

Note: If possible, find the original source and cite directly from it instead.

Cite the U.S. Constitution beginning with U.S. Const., followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause as needed, abbreviating them as art., amend., §, and cl., respectively:

The constitution includes a means for new states to join the union (U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3).

The Reference List

A reference list has all the sources used in your paper arranged in alphabetical order by the authors’ last names or, if a source lists no author, by the title (ignore a, an, and the). If you have a type of source not covered in the following examples, ask a librarian to show you the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.)

Works by multiple authors

For up to 20 authors, list names and initials for all. For more than 20 authors, list the first 19 names, followed by three ellipses, and, finally, add the name of the last author.

A second work by the same author

List in date order, with older before newer. Repeat the author’s name.

Periodical articles

Last name, Initials. (Publication date). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number(issue number), page numbers.

Note: If the journal restarts each issue with a page 1, it is "paginated by issue." In this case, include the issue number. If the journal is continuously paginated from one issue to the next, omit the issue number.

Information from Web Pages and Websites

Always furnish at least a document title or description, a date if given, and an Internet address (URL). If possible, identify the authors as well. Check the APA Web page for further information — apastyle.apa.org.

AI-Generated Texts

When using AI-generated output in your writing, credit the author of the AI tool, e.g., OpenAI, with in-text citation(s) and a reference list entry. You may also wish to make the prompt and full text of the AI-generated ouput accessible to your readers by such means as an appendix.

Online sources

Include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), if given, in the form of a doi.org URL. For a periodical article or ebook from an academic research database, do not include database information or a URL, unless the database publishes works of limited circulation or original, proprietary content. If a periodical article has a URL that will resolve for readers, e.g., it is from an online journal that is not part of a database, include the URL of the article at the end of the reference.

Retrieval dates for online and Internet sources

Do not include a retrieval date unless the content is likely to change over time, such as a wiki that is publicly edited.

The U.S. Constitution

Begin the citation with U.S. Const., followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause as needed, abbreviated as art., amend., §, and cl., respectively. Use Roman numerals for articles and amendments.

Basic Reference List Formatting

Print Books:

Last name, Initials. (Year published). Title of book. Name of Publisher.

Print Periodicals

Last name, Initials. (Year, Month and day published). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume number(issue number), pages.

Periodical Articles from an Online Database:

Last name, Initials. (Year, Month and day published). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume number (Issue number), pages. URL of DOI (if available).

Web Pages:

Web pages have several factors that can affect their citations. See the last section below for examples.

AI-Generated Texts:

Author of the model. (Year). Name of the model (Version number) [Description of type of source]. Publisher name. URL.

Note: In the case of ChatGPT by OpenAI, the author of the text is OpenAI, the name of the model is ChatGPT, the version number will be a month and day, e.g., (Feb 12 version), and the type of source is a large language model [Large language model] or, in the case of ChatGPT-4, [Large multimodal model]. Also, the author and publisher are both OpenAI. When the author and publisher are the same, leave out the publisher's name. The URL may be unique to the specific output generated.

Example:

OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT. (Oct 15 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat.

Example Reference List

Note: Always integrate all source types (print, online, etc.) into a single alphabetical list that is double-spaced. Separate, inconsistenly spaced lists are shown below for convenience of reference with respect to material types.

Reference List Examples By Format

Print Sources:
Book with a corporate author	American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.
Specialized, multi-volume encyclopedia	Cappenberg, R. P. (2004).  Family crises. In R. J. Corsini, (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 8-9).  Wiley.
Magazine article with an author	Fredersen, J. H. (1997, April 13). When fathers raise children alone. U.S. News and World Report, 112(14), 61-62.
Magazine article with no author	Gone rehabbing: Fathers in rehab. (2006, June 5). Parental Rehabilitation Magazine, 13(6), 5-9.
Scholarly journal article	Larson, G. (2009). Cross-cultural studies of fatherhood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47(3),18-24.
Book with editors	MacNeil, L., & O’Brien, M. B. (Eds.). (2002). The father figure (3rd ed.). Tavistock.
Book	McBain, R. W. (2005). The father as actor and hero. Harvard University Press.
Newspaper article with author given	Schorr, B. (2001, April 12). States cracking down on fathers dodging child-support payments. New York Times, A1, A14.
Government document with the same author and publisher	U.S. Department of Justice. (1999). Child-support payment laws (ACLW Publication 16).  Author.
A work or chapter within a larger work	Valsiner, J. (1989). The father’s role in the social network of the Soviet child. In M.E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 187-201).  Wiley.
Pamphlet	Weiderman, S. G. (1995). Becoming a father.  Chicago, IL:  National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse.

 

Audiovisual Sources:
Streaming video from library source such as Films on Demand or Kanopy	Films Media Group. (2009). Fathering: What it means to be a dad  [Video].  https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=79355&xtid=41268 Abt. E. Osborne, A. (Director). (2015). Daddy Don't Go  [Video file].  New Day Films. Retrieved August 26, 2024 from Kanopy.
Web video such as from YouTube	TED. (2013, January 23). Colin Powell: Kids need structure [Video]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhYnouvrG_8
Audiovisual work on a disc	Wilson, P. (Producer). (1994). When fathers desert families [DVD]. Maxwell.

 

Online Sources From Library Databases:
Article from an online database with no DOI	Evans, G. (1998, May 15). A father’s place is in the home.  New Statesman  & Society, 11(4385), 22-23.
Scholarly journal article from an online database with a DOI	Forste, R. L., Bartkowski, J., & Jackson, M. A. (2009). "Just be there for them": Perceptions of fathering among single, low-income men. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, & Practice about Men as Fathers, 7(1), 49-69. https://doi:10.3149/fth.0701.49
Scholarly journal article from an online database with a URL	Cabrera, N. J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Bradley, R. H., Hofferth, S., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fatherhood in the Twenty-First Centry. Child Development, 71(1), 127-136.
Electronic book from an ACC library	Goldberg, W. A. (2014). Father time: The social clock and the timing of fatherhood. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137372727
Online encyclopedia article	Kohama, S. (2002). Genetics: Parental influence. In D. J. Ekerdt (Ed.), Encyclopedia of aging (Vol. 2, pp. 553-555). Macmillan Reference USA.

 

Online Sources From the Web:
AI (large language model software)	OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (Aug 28 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Magazine article directly from the web	Wilcox, W. B. (2013, June 14). The distinct, positive impact of a good dad: How fathers contribute to their kids' lives. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/06/the-distinct-positive-impact-of-a-good-dad/276847
Web newspaper article with author	Hauser, C. (2015, August 15). Beckham defends daughter’s pacifier, stirring parenting debate. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/nytnow/david-beckham-defends-his-daughters-pacifier-use.html
Web page whose content may change over time	National fatherhood initiative research. (n.d.). http://www.fatherhood.org/research.asp
Radio or television transcript from a web page	Gross, T. (Host.) (1998, January 13).  Geoffrey Canada: The destructive myths of masculinity [Radio broadcast transcript]. WHYY. https://freshairarchive.org/segments/destructive-myths-masculinity

 

Example - References

Note:  Always integrate all source types (print, online, etc.) into a single alphabetical list. Double-space the list, making sure that the spacing between each entry is also double-spaced. Indent any line of an entry subscequent to its first line (use a "hanging indent" style) by 0.5 inches. Use 1-inch margins on all sides. Center and bold the word References at the top of the page.