 
When you use the words or
original ideas of another person in your writing, you need to document,
or give credit to, the sources of those words or ideas. If you use
exact words from the original, quotation marks are necessary. If you
paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, don't use quotation
marks, but document the source.
In the APA (American
Psychological Association) format,* one of
several documentation formats, you briefly identify our sources in the
text of your paper, then give the full information in the Reference List
at the end of the paper.
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Identify Sources
in the Text
Cite the author's last name in
the text of your paper. Then, in parentheses, include the publication
date and any other information required. If you don't name an author in
your text, give the author's name and date in parentheses at the end of
the sentence, along with other required information. See the examples
below.
If
you refer to the entire contents of a reference and mention the author:
According to Larson (2009),
there is a trend toward waiting to marry and toward postponing the
birth of the first child.
If
you do not mention the author in the text, include it at the end of the
sentence, separated from the publication date by a comma:
Child support payments can
be withheld from wages in more and more states (Schorr, 2001).
If
you refer to a specific portion of a reference, add the page or chapter
number, separated by a comma:
Fredersen (1997, p.62)
notes that "natural fathers aren't the only ones raising children on
their own. As more families split up, social workers note that
stepfathers increasingly are being called on to bring up other people's
kids."
At the turn of the
century many men worked long hours, which entailed their absence from
the family for most of the day: That was not a rejection of fatherhood
but a necessary element of it (MacNeil & O'Brien, 2002, chap. 5).
If
you refer to publications with no author given, include the first 1-3
key words from the title instead of a name. If no date is
supplied, then type n.d. instead. Some digital full-text sources
do not have page numbers. In these cases, page numbers may be
omitted from the in-text citation, but a paragraph number may be used
instead:
Homes with absent fathers
cost taxpayers $99.8 billion per year ("National Fatherhood," n.d.,
para. 2).
The Reference
List
A reference list has all the
sources mentioned in your paper, arranged in alphabetical order by the
authors' last names or, if a source doesn't list an author, by the
first word of the title (ignore a, an, and the).
If
you
have
a
type
of source not covered in the examples below, ask the
librarian to show you the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.).
|
Indentation
Use a "hanging indent" style: the first line should be flush left and
any subsequent lines should be indented at least five spaces.
Books
Last name, Initials.
(Publication year). Title of
book.
City and state where
published:
Name of publisher.
Periodical articles
Last name, Initials.
(Publication date). Title of
article. Title
of periodical, volume
number(issue
number), page numbers.
Note: If the journal is continuously
paginated, omit the issue number.
Works by multiple
authors
For
seven or fewer authors, list names and initials for all. For more
than seven authors, list the first six names, followed by three
ellipses, and, finally, add the name of the last author.
|
A second work by
the same author
List in
date order, with
older before newer. Repeat the author's name.
Online sources
Include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) if
given. If the content does not have a DOI, then you will need to
search for and list the URL for the web page of the journal or the
publisher of the book or document.
Information from
the Internet
Always
furnish
at
least
a
document
title or description, a date if given, and an Internet
address
(URL). If possible, identify the authors as well. Check the
APA Web page for further information -- www.apastyle.org
Retrieval dates for
online and Internet sources
Do not include a retrieval date unless the source
material may change
over time, such as might be the case with a Wikipedia article.
|
Example Reference
List
Note:
Always integrate all source types (print, online, etc.) into a single
alphabetical list that is double-spaced.
Two
separate, inconsistently spaced lists are shown below for convenience
of reference with respect to material types.
|
|
Print and Audiovisual Sources
|
| Specialized,
multi-volume encyclopedia |
Cappenberg, R. P. (2004). Family
crises. In R. J. Corsini, (Ed.),Encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed., Vol 2,
pp. 8-9).
New York, NY: Wiley.
|
| Book with editors |
MacNeil, L., & O'Brien, M.B. (Eds.).
(2002). The father figure
(3rd
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Tavistock. |
| Book |
McBain, R. W. (2005). The father as actor and hero.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
|
| Newspaper
article
with author given |
Schorr, B. (2001, April 12). States
cracking down on fathers
dodging
child-support
payments.
New York Times,
pp.
A1,
A14. |
Government
document
(If the author and publisher are the same,
put "Author" for the publisher.)
|
U.S. Department of Justice. (1991). Child-support
payment
laws (ACLW
Publication 16). Washington, DC: Author.
|
A work or chapter
within a larger
work |
Valsiner, J. (1989). The father's role in
the social network of the Soviet child. In M.E. Lamb (Ed.), The
role
of
the
father
in
child development
(pp. 187-201). New York, NY: Wiley.
|
| Pamphlet |
Weiderman, S. G. (1995). Becoming
a
father. Chicago, IL: National
Committee to
Prevent Child Abuse.
|
| Audiovisual |
Wilson, P. (Producer). (1994). When
fathers desert families [DVD]. Los Angeles, CA: Maxwell.
|
Electronic Sources
|
| Periodical
article directly from the Web |
Cullen, L., & Grossman, L. T. (2007,
October 15). Fatherhood
2.0 Time,
170(16), 63-66.
Retrieved from
http://www.time.com |
Magazine article from an online
database
with no DOI
|
Evans,
G. (1998, May 15). A father's place is in the home. New Statesman & Society, 11,(4385),
22-23.
Retrieved
from
http://www.newstatesman.com
|
Scholarly
journal article from an
online database with a DOI
|
Forste, R. L., Bartkowski,
J., & Jackson, M. A. (2009). "Just
be there
for them": Perceptions of fathering among single,
low-income
men. Fathering: A Journal fo Theory,
Research, & Practice about Men as Fathers, 7(1),
49-69.
doi:10.3149/fth.0701.49
|
Radio or
television transcript
from an online
database |
Gross, T., and Canada, G.
(1998, January 13). Reaching up for
manhood. In T. Gross (Producer), Fresh air. Philadelphia,
PA:
National Public Radio. Retrieved from
http://www.npr.org
|
| Online
encyclopedia article |
Kohama, S. (2002).
Genetics: Parental influence. In D. J. Ekerdt
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of aging (Vol. 2,
pp.
553-555).
Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com/gvrl
|
Web page whose
content
may change over time |
National fatherhood initiative research.
(n.d.) Retrieved March 1,
2009, from http://www.fatherhood.org/research.asp
|
Electronic version
of a print book
|
O'Connor, F. (1999). My father's son [NetLibrary
version].
Retrieved from
http://netlibrary.com
|
* Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association, 2010.
We'd
like to hear from you! If you have any comments, questions or
suggestions, send email to jluckste@austincc.edu
ACC
Study Guide Series
| © Austin Community College, Library
Services, 2009. |
Last updated 10/09 |
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