
When you use the words or
original ideas of another person in your writing, you need to document,
or give credit to, the sources of those words or ideas. If you use
exact words from the original, quotation marks are necessary. If you
paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, don't use quotation
marks, but document the source.
In the APA (American
Psychological Association) format,* one of
several documentation formats, you briefly identify our sources in the
text of your paper, then give the full information in the Reference List
at the end of the paper.
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Identify Sources
in the Text
Cite the author's last name in
the text of your paper. Then, in parentheses, include the publication
date and any other information required. If you don't name an author in
your text, give the author's name and date in parentheses at the end of
the sentence, along with other required information. See the examples
below.
If
you refer to the entire contents of a reference and mention the author:
According to Farber (1984),
there is a trend toward waiting to marry and toward postponing the
birth of the first child.
If
you do not mention the author in the text, include it at the end of the
sentence, separated from the publication date by a comma:
Child support payments can
be withheld from wages in more and more states (Schorr, 1994).
If
you want to refer to an entire web site:
The Texas Attorney General's
Office web site has Texas child support information
(http://www.oag.state.tx.us/).
If
you refer to a specific portion of a reference, add the page or chapter
number, separated by a comma:
Exception: Some
full-text sources, retrieved from the Internet, do not have page
numbers. In these cases, page numbers may be omitted from the in-text
citation.
Thorton (1992, p.62)
notes that "natural fathers aren't the only ones raising children on
their own. As more families split up, social workers note that
stepfathers increasingly are being called on to bring up other people's
kids."
At the turn of the
century many men worked long hours, which entailed their absence from
the family for most of the day: That was not a rejection of fatherhood
but a necessary element of it (McKee & O'Brien, 1982, chap. 5).
If
you refer to publications with no author given, include the first 1-3
key words from the title instead of a name:
"Fathers today no longer
know who they are or what their wives and children expect from them"
("Fatherhood," 1990, p.5). and this increases the likelihood they will
abandon their families.
Reference List
A reference list has all the
sources mentioned in your paper, arranged in alphabetical order by the
authors' last names or, if a source doesn't list an author, by the
first word of the title (ignore a, an, and the).
If you have a type of source not covered in the examples below, ask the
librarian to show you the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th ed.).
| The most BASIC
RULES for the reference list are:
Books
Last name, Initials.
(Publication year). Title of book. City and
state where published: Name of publisher.
Periodicals
Last name, Initials.
(Publication date). Title of
article. Title
of periodical, volume
number, page numbers.
Online Sources
When possible, give two dates for online sources: the date the
material was published and the date you retrieved it.
Indentation
Use a "hanging indent" style: the first line should be flush left and
subsequent lines should be indented at least five spaces. Check the
example reference list for variations.
|
OTHER RULES:
A second work by
the same author
List in date order, with
older before newer. Repeat the author's name.
Works by multiple
authors
If there are six or
fewer authors, give names and initials for all. If there are more
than six authors, give the first six names followed by "et al."
Information from
the Internet
Always furnish at least
a document title or description, at least one date (if the document is
undated, then just the date of retrieval), and an Internet address
(URL). If possible, identify the authors as well. Check the
APA Web page for further information -- http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
|
|
Example Reference
List
Always list
sources in alphabetical order.
Note: Print and
Electronic sources are listed separately below to aid in locating the
correct format. In your Reference List, print and electronic sources
will be integrated into one list.
|
|
Print Sources
|
| Specialized,
Multi-volume Encyclopedia |
Cappenberg, R.P. (1994). Family
crises. In Encyclopedia of psychology. (2nd ed.). (Vol 2,
pp. 8-9). New York:
John Wiley & Sons.
|
Magazine article
with an author
(If no author, list by
title, then date) |
Gold, J.K. (1992, April 12). When fathers
raise children alone. U.S. News and World Report, 53,
61-62.
|
Scholarly journal
article
(If the journal is
continuously paginated, omit issue number.) |
Larson, E. (1988). Cross-cultural studies
of fatherhood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47
(3), 18-24.
|
| Book with editors |
McKee, L. & O'Brien, M.B. (Eds.).
(1982). The father figure.
(3rd ed.). New York: Tavistock. |
| Book |
Parke, R. (1987). Fathers.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
|
| Newspaper article
with author given |
Schorr, B. (1994, April 12). States
cracking down on fathers
dodging child-support payments. New York Times,
pp. A1, A14. |
| Government
document |
U.S. Department of Justice. (1991). Child-support
payment laws (ACLW
Publication 16). Washington, DC: Author.
|
A work or chapter
within a larger
work |
Valsiner, J. (1981). The father's role in
the social network of the Soviet child. In M.E. Lamb (Ed.) The
role of the father in
child development
(pp. 187-201). New York: Wiley.
|
| Pamphlet |
Weiderman, S. (1995). Becoming
a father. Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse.
|
|
Electronic Sources
|
| Online Periodical
Directly from the Web |
Carlson, M. (1998, Apr 27). Does he or
doesn't he? Time
Magazine, 151. Retrieved September 21, 2002, from http://pathfinder.com/time/magazine/1998/dom/980427/
notebook.does_he_or_does27.html
|
Full-text
Periodical
Article from an
Online
Database |
Evans,
G. (1998, May 15). A father's place is in the home. New Statesman & Society, 11,
22-23. Retrieved July 28, 2002,
from the Academic
Search Premier database.
|
| WWW Site |
Sheppard, L. (1998, April 13). Father
involvement shows
positive outcomes.
Retrieved July 29, 2002, from http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/news/news980413g.html
|
Radio or
Television Transcript from an
Online Database |
Tate, J. and G. Canada (1998, Jan 13).
Reaching up for manhood. In
T. Gross (Producer), Fresh air. Philadelphia
National Public
Radio. Retrieved July 31, 2002
from the eLibrary
database.
|
| Audiovisual |
Wilson, P. (Producer). (1994). When
fathers desert families [Video]. Los Angeles: Maxwell.
|
* Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association, 2001.
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ACC
Study Guide Series
| © Austin Community College, Library
Services, 2004. |
Last updated 9/06 |
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