• 
Type of Source
Go to ...Specialized Reference Works
Article References
Book References
Other Works
Example of a Cited Reference list
Need Help
CSE Documentation (formerly CBE) -- Citation-Sequence System
When you use the words or original ideas of another person in your writing, you need to document, or give credit to, the sources of those words or ideas. If exact words from the original are used, quotation marks are necessary. If you paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, quotation marks are not required, but documentation of the source is still required.
There are several different formats for documentation. This page explains the CSE (Council of Science Editors) format. In this format, you briefly identify your sources in the text of your paper, then give the full information in the list of references at the end of the paper.
The CSE style manual describes two systems of documentation:
- the Citation-Sequence system (used for the chemistry lab/library assignment)
- the Name-Year system (used by many biology classes)
Your instructor can tell you which method or system to use.
Identify Sources in the Text ? Citation-Sequence system
According to CSE style, you identify in the text of your paper the sources of information (references) you have used. This serves the same purpose as "footnotes," but is integrated smoothly into the text of your paper, rather than listed separately. The CSE style offers several systems of citing your references. This handout illustrates the Citation-Sequence system.
As each source is mentioned in the text, it is numbered in sequence. Page numbers are not added.
Ozone plays an important role in photochemical smog and in the production of acid rain.1
If a source is used again later, the original number is reused.
"The American Lung Association (ALA) reports that lung disease is now the third leading cause of death in the country and the fastest growing among the top five causes and that ozone pollution contributes to this deadly trend." 8
On the other hand, atmospheric ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths between 240 and 320 nanometers which is lethal to simple unicellular organisms and the surface cells of higher plants and animals.1
The complete references are listed at the end of the paper in the order they were numbered in your paper.
Listing Your References
The list of references (or bibliography) at the end of your paper should be a list of all the sources that contributed ideas and information to your paper. It can be titled "References" or "Cited References."
The arrangement of references in your list depends upon how you have cited them in your text. In the Citation-Sequence system, each reference appears in the order that it is first mentioned in your paper.
**If you have a type of source not covered by the example reference list below, ask a librarian to show you the CSE style manual, Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA: Council of Science Editors; 2006. REF T11 .S386 2006
It is based on the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation which is the NLM Style: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=citmed&part. CSE?s link for citing sources accessed via the Internet is very detailed and based on NLM style, so librarian assistance is recommended in using it: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=citmed&part=part5.bxml
The AMA citation format provided by some library databases, such as EBSCO?s Academic Search Complete, is very similar to CSE.
This option is available when emailing articles 
or from 
at the 
detailed record.
Reference List Examples by Type of Reference
Online (web) sources indicated with double plus sign ++
Note: Write down the URL and date accessed for citations when downloading. They may not appear on printouts.
Specialized Reference Works
| Reference Type: | List Example: |
|---|---|
| Signed encyclopedia article | 1Prinn, RG. Atmospheric ozone. In: McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology. 7th ed. Vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1992. p. 229-232. |
| ++ Signed encyclopedia article found in an online database (example one) | 8Brasseur GP, Prinn RG. Stratospheric ozone. In: AccessScience @ McGraw-Hill: encyclopedia of science and technology online [database on the Internet]. 2007-13 ed. [New York]: McGraw-Hill; 2012. [cited 2013 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.accessscience.com/. |
| ++ Signed encyclopedia article found in an online database (example two) | 10Young C and updated by staff. Nuts. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology [database on the Internet]. 1999-2013 ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2007. [cited 2013 Feb 20]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/mrw/advanced/search?doi=10.1002/0471238961 |
| ++ Signed encyclopedia article found in an online database (example three) | 2Uretsky S, Davidson AMT, Longe JL. Antacids. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 4th ed. Detroit (MI): Thomson Gale; 2008. [cited 2009 Oct 22]. (Health Reference Center Academic). [about 2 p.]. Available from: http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=HRCA |
| ++ Signed encyclopedia article found in an online database (example four) | 21Luster M, Simeonova P, Germolec D. Immunotoxicology. In: Encyclopedia of life sciences [database on the Internet]. 1999-2013 ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2008. [cited 2013 Feb 20]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/mrw/advanced/search?doi=10.1002/047001590X |
| ++ Signed encyclopedia article found in an online database (example five) | 2Uretsky S. Antacids. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Detroit (MI): Gale; 2006. [cited 2007 Feb 20]. (Gale Virtual Reference Library). p 231-233. Available from: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL |
ARTICLES
| Reference Type: | List Example: |
|---|---|
| Journal article with three authors | 13Bekki S, Law KS, Pyle JA. Effect of ozone depletion on atmospheric CH(4) and CO concentrations. Nature. 1994 Oct 13;371(6498):595-597. |
| Magazine article with author and discontinuous pages | 6William P. The ozone below. Audubon. 1994 Sep-Oct;96(5):14, 22-23. |
| Newspaper article with author | 7Browne MW. Antarctica's ozone layer is threatened by depletion. NY Times. 1994 Oct 8;Sect A:7(col 6). |
| ++ Science magazine article found in an online database | 19Travis J. Toxin trumped. Science News. 2002 Aug 17:99. In: Academic Search Complete [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO [cited 2007 Aug 22]. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/. |
| ++ Journal article examples for same article found in two different indexes: | |
| ++ Journal article found in an online database with first page number and then number of pages given and all multiple authors listed | 11Chiuchiolo AL, Dickhut RM, Cochran MA, Ducklow HW. Persistent organic pollutants at the base of the Antarctic marine food web. Environmental Science & Technology. 2004;38(13):3551-3557. In: Academic Search Complete [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO [cited 2006 Sep 5]. 7p. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/. |
| ++ Journal article found in an online database with page number range given and all multiple authors listed | 11Chiuchiolo AL, Dickhut RM, Cochran MA, Ducklow HW. Persistent organic pollutants at the base of the Antarctic marine food web. Environmental Science & Technology. 2004;38(13):3551-3557. In: American Chemical Society Publications: Journals and Magazines [database on the Internet]. Washington (DC): ACS; c2000-2007 [cited 2007 Aug 22]. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/about.html |
| ++ Newspaper article found online | 18Brody, J. Cutting cholesterol, an uphill battle. The New York Times [Internet]. 2007 Aug 21. [cited 2007 Sep 27]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/21brod.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |
| ++ Abstract found in an online database | 5Rigos G, Nengas I, Alexis M, Troisi GM. Potential drug (oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid) pollution from Mediterranean sparid fish farms [abstract]. Aquatic Toxicology. 2004 Aug 25;69(3):281-8. In: PubMed [database on the Internet]. Washington (DC): NLM [cited 2007 Aug 22]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/. |
BOOKS
| Reference Type: | List Example: |
|---|---|
| ++ Electronic Book (e-book) | 20Neidle, S. Principles of nucleic acid structure [electronic resource]. Amsterdam: Elsevier; Boston: Academic Press; 2008. [cited 2009 August 27]. 289 p. Available from: http://www.ebscohost.com/ebooks/home |
| Book with author | 17Pulford, I. Environmental chemistry at a glance. Oxford; Malden (MA): Blackwell Pub.; 2006. 132 p. |
| Book with two authors | 9Andersen S, Sarma K. Protecting the ozone layer: the United Nations history. London: Earthscan Publications; 2002. 400 p. |
| Book with organization as author | 3National Research Council. Ozone-forming potential of reformulated gasoline. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1999. 212 p. |
| Book with an editor | 4McCuen GE, editor. Our endangered atmosphere: global warming and the ozone layer. Hudson (WI): Gary E. McCuen Publications; 1987. 133 p. |
| Work within a larger work | 12Mackenzie D. Anybody want to save the ozone layer? In: Gribbin J, editor. The breathing planet. New York: Basil Blackwell; 1986. p. 185-192. |
Other Works
| Reference Type: | List Example: |
|---|---|
| Pamphlet with no author, no city or publication, no dates | 16Can we save the ozone layer? [place unknown]: Concerned Citizen Press; [date unknown]. |
| ++ WWW site | 14Careers in chemical engineering - what do chemical engineers do? [Internet]. New York (NY): American Institute of Chemical Engineers; 2002-12. [cited 2012 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.aiche.org/community/students/career-resources-k-12-students-parents/what-do-chemical-engineers-do |
| ++ Online database | 15Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). ATSDR Toxicological Profile Information Sheet database [Internet]. U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [cited 2011 Oct 18]. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp |
Example - Cited References
Note: This is an example of an integrated list of all references.
1Prinn, RG. Atmospheric ozone. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology. 7th ed. Vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1992. p. 229-232.
2Uretsky S, Davidson AMT, Longe JL. Antacids. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 4th ed. Detroit (MI): Thomson Gale; 2008. [cited 2009 Oct 22]. (Health Reference Center Academic). [about 2 p.]. Available from: http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=HRCA
3National Research Council. Ozone-forming potential of reformulated gasoline. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1999. 212 p.
4McCuen GE, editor. Our endangered atmosphere: global warming and the ozone layer. Hudson (WI): Gary E. McCuen Publications; 1987. 133 p.
5Rigos G, Nengas I, Alexis M, Troisi GM. Potential drug (oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid) pollution from Mediterranean sparid fish farms [abstract]. Aquatic Toxicology. 2004 Aug 25;69(3):281-8. In: PubMed [database on the Internet]. Washington (DC): NLM [cited 2007 Aug 22]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/.
6William P. The ozone below. Audubon. 1994 Sep-Oct;96(5):14, 22-23.
7Browne MW. Antarctica's ozone layer is threatened by depletion. NY Times. 1994 Oct 8;Sect A:7(col 6).
8Brasseur GP, Prinn RG. Stratospheric ozone. In AccessScience @ McGraw-Hill: encyclopedia of science and technology online [database on the Internet]. 2007-13 ed. [New York]: McGraw-Hill; 2008. [cited 2013 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.accessscience.com/.
9Andersen S, Sarma K. Protecting the ozone layer: the United Nations history. London: Earthscan Publications; 2002. 400 p.
10Young C and updated by staff. Nuts. In: Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology [database on the Internet]. 1999-2013 ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2007. [cited 2013 Feb 20]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/mrw/advanced/search?doi=10.1002/0471238961
11Chiuchiolo AL, Dickhut RM, Cochran MA, Ducklow HW. Persistent organic pollutants at the base of the Antarctic marine food web. Environmental Science & Technology. 2004;38(13):3551-3557. In: Academic Search Complete [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO [cited 2006 Sep 5]. 7p. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/.
12Mackenzie D. Anybody want to save the ozone layer? In: Gribbin J, editor. The breathing planet. New York: Basil Blackwell; 1986. p. 185-192.
13Bekki S, Law KS, Pyle JA. Effect of ozone depletion on atmospheric CH(4) and CO concentrations. Nature. 1994 Oct 13;371(6498):595-597.
14Careers in chemical engineering - what do chemical engineers do? [Internet]. New York (NY): American Institute of Chemical Engineers; 2002-12. [cited 2012 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.aiche.org/community/students/career-resources-k-12-students-parents/what-do-chemical-engineers-do
15Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). ATSDR Toxicological Profile Information Sheet database [Internet]. U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [cited 2011 Oct 18]. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
16Can we save the ozone layer? [place unknown]: Concerned Citizen Press; [date unknown].
17Pulford, I. Environmental chemistry at a glance. Oxford; Malden (MA): Blackwell Pub.; 2006. 132 p.
18Brody, J. Cutting cholesterol, an uphill battle. The New York Times [Internet]. 2007 Aug 21. [cited 2007 Sep 27]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/21brod.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
19Travis J. Toxin trumped. Science News. 2002 Aug 17:99. In: Academic Search Complete [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO [cited 2009 Oct 13]. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/.
20Neidle, S. Principles of nucleic acid structure [electronic resource] . Amsterdam: Elsevier; Boston: Academic Press; 2008. [cited 2009 August 27]. Available from: http://http://www.ebscohost.com/ebooks/home
21Luster M, Simeonova P, Germolec D. Immunotoxicology. In: Encyclopedia of life sciences [database on the Internet]. 1999-2013 ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2008. [cited 2013 Feb 20]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/mrw/advanced/search?doi=10.1002/047001590X
ACC Study Guide Series
Last updated: 3/15/10-mp; 4/8/13-lc
We'd like to hear from you! If you have comments, questions, or suggestions, send email to lclement@austincc.edu