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Turabian Documentation

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You will use the words or ideas of others for your research paper, so you will need to document, or give credit to, the original information sources. Use quotation marks if you use the exact words of the original source. You do not need quotation marks if you paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, but you still need to cite the source.

Kate Turabian, the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago for over 30 years, created a guide for students and researchers, based on The Chicago Manual of Style. The Turabian manual describes two forms of citation:

  • the bibliography style
  • the reference list style
This guide will cover the bibliography style.

Identify each information source in the text of your paper, using a superscript number at the end of the sentence in which you refer to that source. (15.3.1). For example:

According to Fruchtman, Thomas Paine was hailed as a champion of individual liberties in England after the publication of Paine's pamphlet, Common Sense.1

Cite each information source in a numbered note. Type the number of each note, followed by a period. Use a new number each time you include a new quote or paraphrase, even if you use only one or two sources. Notes are arranged in numerical order, either at the bottom of the page as footnotes or in a list at the end of your paper as endnotes.

Indent the first line of the note five spaces, or the same number of spaces that you use to indent paragraphs. If you use the same information source again in your paper, you can use a short form of the note citation. "A shortened note should include enough information for readers to find the full citation in your bibliography or in an earlier note." (16.4.1). Use the Latin abbreviation ibid. (for ibidem, "in the same place") to cite a work immediately after a previous note citing that same work. "In notes, ibid. should be capitalized but not italicized. Since ibid. is an abbreviation, it must end with a period; if the citation includes a page number, put a comma after ibid. If the page number is the same as in the previous note, do not include a page number after ibid.” (16.4.2)

“Reference works, such as well-known "dictionaries and encyclopedias, should usually be cited only in notes” and not included in your bibliography. Cite the item you used in an alphabetically arranged reference work like a dictionary or encyclopedia. You do not need to cite the volume or page numbers, but put the Latin abbreviation s.v. (for sub verbo, meaning “under the word”) before the item you used. (17.5.3) Examples of notes are shown below. Notes 19, 20, and 21 are examples of the use of s.v.

Each example shows the Note version, then the Bibliography version of the citation and includes the section and page number in A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 7th ed. If you have a type of source not covered by these examples, ask a librarian for assistance.

Note and Bibliography Examples


(Note examples appear first and are numbered.)
Type of SourceExample
Books (Section 17.1 pp.162-181)
Book with one author or editor (Basic Pattern, 16.1, p.143): full citation 1. David L. Holmes, The Faiths of the Founding Fathers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 64.
Preceding work, same page (16.4.2, p. 155) - Note form 2. Ibid.
Preceding work, different page - Note form 3. Ibid., 81.
Shortened form of work already mentioned 4. Holmes, The Faiths of the Founding Fathers, 80.
Bibliography Format Holmes, David L. The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Book with more than one author 5. Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo, Daily Life during the American Revolution (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2003), 42.
Book with more than one author, Shortened note form, following a note for a different work. 6. Volo and Volo, Daily Life during the American Revolution, 42.
Bibliography Format Volo, Dorothy Denneen, and James M. Volo. Daily Life during the American Revolution. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2003.
Book with more than one editor (with volume number) 7. Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, eds., American Political Writing during the Founding Era, 1760-1805 (Indianapolis : Liberty Press, 1983), 1:401-409.
Bibliography format Hyneman, Charles S., and Donald S. Lutz, eds. American Political Writing during the Founding Era, 1760-1805. Vol. 1. Indianapolis : Liberty Press, 1983.
Book with four or more authors – use et al. after the first author’s name. 8. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall et al., Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 23-25.
Bibliography format - list all authors' names Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, James Leloudis, Robert Korstad, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, and Christopher B. Daly. Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Book with author(s) plus editor (ed.) or translator (trans.) 9. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America: and Two Essays on America, trans. Gerald E. Bevan (London: Penguin, 2003), 600.
Bibliography format Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America: and Two Essays on America. Translated by Gerald E. Bevan. London: Penguin, 2003.
Book with editor, translator, or compiler in place of author - Use the abbreviations ed. (or eds.), trans. or comp. 10. Jack Goldstone, ed., Who's Who in Political Revolutions (Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1999), 119-120.
Bibliography format Goldstone, Jack, ed. Who's Who in Political Revolutions. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1999.
Work within a larger work 11. George Spater, "American Revolutionary, 1774-89," in Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine, ed. Ian Dyke (New York: St. Martin's Press,1988), 37.
Bibliography format Spater, George. “American Revolutionary, 1774-89.” In Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine, edited by Ian Dyke, 24-49. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.
Another work by the same author ___________. “The Early Years, 1737-74.” In Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine, edited by Ian Dyke, 17-23. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.
Chapter in an edited book 12. Eric Foner, “Tom Paine’s Republic: Radical Ideology and Social Change,” in The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, ed. Alfred F. Young (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976), 189-90.
Bibliography format Foner, Eric. “Tom Paine’s Republic: Radical Ideology and Social Change.” In The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, edited by Alfred F. Young, 189-228. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
Chapter of a volume of works originally published elsewhere (a collection of primary sources, for example) 13. “Replies to Tom Paine," in The Annals of America, 1755-1783: Resistance and Revolution. The Annals of America (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1976), 2:400.
Bibliography format "Replies to Tom Paine." In The Annals of America, 1755-1783: Resistance and Revolution. Vol. 2 of The Annals of America, 399-409. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1976.
Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book (p. 178) 14. Joyce Oldham Appleby, Introduction to Common Sense and Other Writings, by Thomas Paine (New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2005), xxxvii.
Bibliography format Appleby, Joyce Oldham. Introduction to Common Sense and Other Writings, by Thomas Paine. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2005.
Online and Other Electronic Books (Section 17.1.10, p. 181)
If part of an e-book collection, identify the provider 15. Jack Fruchtman, Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996), 450-54, eBooks on EBSCOhost.
Bibliography format Fruchtman, Jack. Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996. eBooks on EBSCOhost.
Another example from a library e-book collection 16. Ian Adams and R.W. Dyson, Fifty Major Political Thinkers (London: Routledge, 2003), 95, ebrary.
Bibliography format Adams, Ian and R.W. Dyson. Fifty Major Political Thinkers. London: Routledge, 2003. ebrary.
If web-based, include the URL and date you accessed the book 17. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke's Attack on the French Revolution, Part 1, ed. Moncure Daniel Conway, (London: G.P. Putnam, 1894), Google Books, http://books.google.com/books?id=GrYBAAAAYAAJ (accessed November 16, 2010).
Bibliography format Paine,Thomas. Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke's Attack on the French Revolution, Part 1. Edited by Moncure Daniel Conway. London: G.P. Putnam, 1894. http://books.google.com/books?id=GrYBAAAAYAAJ (accessed November 16, 2010).
If downloaded to an e-book reader, identify the format 18. Thomas Paine, Common Sense, Rights of Man and Other Essential Writings of Thomas Paine (New York: Signet Classics, 2007), Kindle edition.
Bibliography format Paine, Thomas. Common Sense, Rights of Man and Other Essential Writings of Thomas Paine. New York: Signet Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.
Reference Works – Encyclopedia, Dictionaries, Handbooks, Almanacs, Atlases, etc. (Section 17.5.3, pp. 191-92.)
Print encyclopedia article 19. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2005 ed., s.v. “Paine, Thomas.”
Bibliography format Well-known reference works, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, are usually cited only in notes.
Online Reference Works and Databases (Section 17.5.9, pp.193-4)
General encyclopedia—usually cited in Notes only 20. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Paine, Thomas (1737–1809),” http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058012 (accessed October 30, 2010).
Subject-specific dictionary—may be cited in Bibliography as well as in Notes 21. Dictionary of American Biography, Base Set, s.v., "Paine, Thomas (1737-1809),” History Resource Center, http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/ (accessed November 18, 2010).
Bibliography format Dictionary of American Biography, Base Set, s.v., "Paine, Thomas (1737-1809),” History Resource Center, http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/ (accessed November 18, 2010).
Include "the name of the database, the URL, and the date you accessed the material" (p. 194), e.g., Biography Resource Center 22. "Thomas Paine," Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography: Colonization to the American Renaissance, 1640-1865 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1988), Biography Resource Center, http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC (accessed November 19, 2010).
Bibliography format "Paine, Thomas." Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography: Colonization to the American Renaissance, 1640-1865. Detroit: Gale Research, 1988. Biography Resource Center. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC (accessed November 19, 2010).
History Resource Center, other than first edition of subject-specific dictionary 23. "Common Sense," Dictionary of American History, ed. Stanley I. Kutler, 3rd ed. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003), History Resource Center, http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/ (accessed November 4, 2010).
Bibliography format Kutler, Stanley I. ,ed. "Common Sense." Dictionary of American History. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. History Resource Center. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HistRC/ (accessed November 19, 2010).
Oxford Reference Online, signed article in subject-specific encyclopedia, no volume or page numbers 24. John Keane, "Paine, Thomas," Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, ed. Alan Charles Kors (Oxford University Press, 2003), Oxford Reference Online, http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t173.e521 (accessed November 19, 2010).
Bibliography format Keane, John. "Paine, Thomas." In Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Edited by Alan Charles Kors. Oxford University Press, 2003. Oxford Reference Online. http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t173.e521 (accessed November 19, 2010).
Gale Virtual Reference Library, signed article in subject-specific encyclopedia, with volume and page numbers 25. Seth Cotlar, "Paine, Thomas," Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, ed. Paul Finkelman (Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006), Gale Virtual Reference Library, 2:480-482. http://go.galegroup.com/ (accessed November 4, 2010).
Bibliography format Cotlar, Seth. "Paine, Thomas." Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. Vol. 2. Edited by Paul Finkelman. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. Gale Virtual Reference Library. http://go.galegroup.com/ (accessed November 4, 2010).
CQ Researcher (Use the format for online journal articles for this database, p.185.) 26. Mary H. Cooper, "Social Security Reform," CQ Researcher Online 14, no. 33 (September 24, 2004): 781-804, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2004092400 (accessed November 19, 2010).
Bibliography format Cooper, Mary H. "Social Security Reform." CQ Researcher Online 14, no. 33 (September 24, 2004). http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2004092400 (accessed November 19, 2010).
Journals, Magazines & Newspapers (17.2-17.4, pp. 181-8)
Journal article, print (Sections 17.2, pp. 181-185) 27. Thomas C. Walker, "Two Faces of Liberalism: Kant, Paine, and the Question of Intervention," International Studies Quarterly 52, no. 3 (September 2008): 449-468.
Bibliography format Walker, Thomas C. "Two Faces of Liberalism: Kant, Paine, and the Question of Intervention." International Studies Quarterly 52, no. 3 (September 2008): 449-468.
Journal article, print, with two authors 28. Carla H. Hay and Jay E. Smith, “Thomas Paine and the Religion of Nature,” Historian 58 (Spring 1996): 642.
Bibliography format Hay, Carla H., and Jay E. Smith. “Thomas Paine and the Religion of Nature.” Historian, 58 (Spring 1996): 642-643.
Journal article from a library subscription database (Sections 17.2.7, p. 185) 29. David Nash, "The Gain from Paine," History Today 59, no. 6 (2009): 12-18, http://search.ebscohost.com/ (accessed December 2, 2010).
Bibliography format Nash, David. "The Gain from Paine." History Today 59, no. 6 (2009): 12-18. http://search.ebscohost.com/ (accessed December 2, 2010).
Magazine article, print (Sections 17.3, pp. 185-186) 30. Richard Brookhiser, “Tom Paine. / Collected Writings,” National Review,” May 15, 1995, 65.
Bibliography format Brookhiser, Richard. “Tom Paine. / Collected Writings.” National Review, May 15, 1995, 65-66.
Work already fully cited (use short form of author's name and title - pp. 156-7) 31. Brookhiser, “Tom Paine,” 65.
Magazine article, from a library subscription database 32. Barbara Ehrenreich, “Real Patriots Speak Their Minds," Time, July 8, 1991, 66, http://search.ebscohost.com/ (accessed December 2, 2009).
Bibliography format Ehrenreich, Barbara. "Real patriots speak their minds." Time, July 8, 1991: 66. http://search.ebscohost.com/ (accessed December 2, 2009).
Magazine article, published on the Web 33. Joe Conason, “Liberalism Is as Patriotic as Apple Pie,” Salon.com, July 7, 1998, http://www.salon.com/news/col/cona/1998/07/07/cona/index.html (accessed November 19, 2010).
Bibliography format Conason, Joe. “Liberalism Is as Patriotic as Apple Pie.” Salon.com, July 7, 1998. http://www.salon.com/news/col/cona/1998/07/07/cona/index.html (accessed November 19, 2010).
Newspaper articles (Sections 17.4, pp. 186-7)
Omit the article—The—in the names of American newspapers. Add the name of the city to the title if it is not a well-known newspaper like Wall Street Journal or Christian Science Monitor. Keep the initial article for newspapers published in other countries—e.g., Le Soleil de Québec, El Mundo, Der Spiegel—and add city names after titles. Do not include page numbers because a newspaper may have several editions where items may appear on different pages or may even be dropped, but include the edition you consulted. Generally, newspaper items are cited only in notes and not in the bibliography, unless a "specific article ... is critical to your argument or frequently cited." Instead of using a note, you may cite a newspaper item in running text—e.g., “As David Chen noted in a New York Times article on March 30, 2001, . . .”—but at a minimum, include the name and date of the paper and the author of the article (if any).
Newspaper article, print 34. David W. Chen, “Rehabilitating Thomas Paine, Bit by Bony Bit,” New York Times, March 30, 2001, regional edition.
Bibliography format Chen, David W. “Rehabilitating Thomas Paine, Bit by Bony Bit.” New York Times, March 30, 2001, regional edition.
Newspaper article, from a library subscription database, page numbers given 35. Deborah K. Dietsch, "Free radical; Thomas Paine Sparked Revolution on Both Sides of the Atlantic," Washington Times August 23, 2009: M20. http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/curriculum (accessed December 2, 2010).
Bibliography format Dietsch, Deborah K. "Free radical; Thomas Paine Sparked Revolution on Both Sides of the Atlantic." Washington Times, August 23, 2009: M20. http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/curriculum (accessed December 2, 2010).
Newspaper article, published on the Web (Section 17.4.2, p. 188). Use "under" to identify the location of the cited material. 36. Jon Meacham, “Founding Fathers Books by Gordon S. Wood and Richard Brookhiser: Original Intent,” New York Times, June 25, 2006, under “Books,” http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25meacham.html (accessed November 18, 2010).
Bibliography format Meacham, Jon. “Founding Fathers Books by Gordon S. Wood and Richard Brookhiser: Original Intent.” New York Times, June 25, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25meacham.html (accessed November 18, 2010).
Web Sites (Section 17.7.1, p. 198)
Web page with author 37. Steven Kreis, “Thomas Paine, 1737-1809,” The History Guide, http://www.historyguide.org (accessed November 4, 2010).
Bibliography format Kreis, Steven. "Thomas Paine, 1737-1809." The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History. 2000. Last revised October 11, 2006. http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/paine.html (accessed November 4, 2010).
Web page with compiler 38. Jurretta Jordan Heckscher, comp., “The American Founders Online: An Annotated Guide to Their Papers and Publications,” Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress, May 22, 2009, http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/founders/ (accessed November 4, 2010).
Bibliography format Heckscher, Jurretta Jordan, comp. “The American Founders Online: An Annotated Guide to Their Papers and Publications.” Virtual Programs & Services. Library of Congress. May 22, 2009. http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/founders/ (accessed November 4, 2010).
Web site with author's work, bibliography format Paine, Thomas. “African Slavery in America.” Archives. Thomas Paine National Historical Association. http://www.thomaspaine.org/Archives/afri.html (accessed November 4, 2010).
Web page without an author 39. “Thomas Paine.” The Thomas Paine Society. http://thomaspainesociety.org/ (accessed November 19, 2010).
Bibliography format “Thomas Paine.” The Thomas Paine Society. http://thomaspainesociety.org/ (accessed November 4, 2010).
Blogs (Weblogs), Email, Discussion Lists. Include the author’s name and the date of the posting, if possible. These items are generally only included in notes and not in the bibliography. 40. Joel, “General Washington Loses Fort Washington,” November 16, 2009, Today's History Lesson: Bringing Yesterday's Headlines to Today's Readers, http://todayshistorylesson.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/general-washington-loses-fort-washington/ (accessed November 19, 2010).
Visual Sources, Music, Sound Recordings, and Online Multimedia (Section 17.8, pp.200-205)
Cite artworks—paintings, sculpture, photographs, etc.—only in notes or "weave the elements into your text" unless the artwork is the object of your research. 41. John Wesley Jarvis, Thomas Paine, ca. 1806-1807, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Bibliography format Jarvis, John Wesley. Thomas Paine, ca. 1806-1807. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Images in published sources 42. William Sharp, Thomas Paine (engraving), 1793, in Jack Fruchtman, Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996), 274-0, eBooks on EBSCOhost.
Bibliography format Sharp, William. Thomas Paine (engraving), 1793. In Jack Fruchtman, Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996. eBooks on EBSCOhost.
Online Multimedia Files (Sections 17.8.6, pp. 203-204) Includes images, live performances, podcasts, movies, broadcasts viewed online. 43. Bill Moyers, “Bill Moyers Journal. Harvey J. Kaye: Time Again for Tom Paine?” Online video clip (New York: Thirteen/WNET and Public Affairs Television, Inc., January 18, 2008), http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/01182008/watch2.html (accessed December 3, 2010).
Bibliography format Moyers, Bill. “Bill Moyers Journal. Harvey J. Kaye: Time Again for Tom Paine?” Online video clip. New York: Thirteen/WNET and Public Affairs Television, Inc., January 18, 2008. http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/01182008/watch2.html (accessed December 3, 2010).
Sound recording (17.8.4, pp. 202-203) 44. Heritage USA, Vol. 2, Part 1: Documents and Speeches, read by David Kurlan, written by Charles Edward Smith, produced by Richard Brandon Morris. Folkways Records, Spoken word CD, 1956.
Bibliography format Heritage USA, Vol. 2, Part 1: Documents and Speeches. Read by David Kurlan. Text by Charles Edward Smith. Produced by Richard Brandon Morris. Folkways Records. Spoken word CD. 1956.
Video recording (17.8.5, p. 203) 45. The American Revolution, VHS, produced by Greystone Communications, Inc. for A&E Television Networks (New York: A&E Home Video, 1994).
Bibliography format The American Revolution. VHS. Produced by Greystone Communications, Inc. for A&E Television Networks. New York: A&E Home Video, 1994.
Television and Radio Broadcasts (17.8.2, p.202) "Include at least title of the program and the date ... you watched or listened to it." 46. "War Against Iraq Begins," narr. Peter Jennings, Ted Koppel, Nightline, ABC, KGO, San Francisco, January 16, 1991.
Bibliography format "War Against Iraq Begins." Narr. Peter Jennings, Ted Koppel. Nightline. San Francisco: ABC. KGO, January 16, 1991.
Unpublished Lectures, Interviews, and Personal Communications (Section 17.6.2, pp. 195-196)
Lecture (17.6.2, p.195) Include the author, title of speech, sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting or event. 47. Joe Conason, "Thomas Paine Memorial Lecture" (Center for Inquiry, New York, NY, January 21, 2009).
Bibliography format Conason, Joe. "Thomas Paine Memorial Lecture." Center for Inquiry, New York, NY, January 21, 2009.
Government publications and other public documents, print and online (Section 17.9, pp. 205-215)
These vary considerably, depending on the type of document, where it is published, and whether it is published in print or online. It is best to consult the Turabian manual for an example that is similar to the source you are using.

Generally, include as many of these elements as you can:
  • name of government (country, state, city, county, or other division)
  • governmental body that created the document
  • title, if any, or collection
  • name of individual author, editor, or compiler
  • report number or other identifying information
  • publication data: place, publisher's name (e.g. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office), date of publication
  • page numbers or other locators, if relevant
Online public documents (17.9.13, p. 215) also require a URL and the date you accessed the document. Use "under" to identify the location of the cited material if there are no page numbers.
Note format 48. An Act to Authorize the Construction of a Monument in the District of Columbia or Its Environs to Honor Thomas Paine, and for Other Purposes, Public Law 102-407, 102d Cong., 2d sess. (October 7, 1992), The Library of Congress Thomas, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:S.3364.CPS: (accessed December 3, 2010).
Bibliography format An Act to Authorize the Construction of a Monument in the District of Columbia or Its Environs to Honor Thomas Paine, and for Other Purposes. Public Law 102-407. 102d Cong. 2d sess. (October 7, 1992). The Library of Congress Thomas. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:S.3364.CPS: (accessed December 3, 2010).

If you have a type of source not covered in the examples given, ask the librarian to show you the Turabian manual.

*Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Revised by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, and University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

These are available at all campus libraries. Call number: LB2369 .T88 2007.

You can find an example of a history paper using Chicago/Turabian-style endnotes and bibliography at Research and Documentation Online, 5th ed., http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch10_s1-0007.html.

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Last updated: November 28, 2011-ta

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