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When you use the words or original ideas of another person in your writing, you need to document, or give credit to, the sources of those words or ideas. If you use exact words from the original, quotation marks are necessary. If you paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, don't use quotation marks, but document the source.

Kate Turabian, the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago for over 30 years, created a guide for students and researchers, based on The Chicago Manual of Style. The Turabian citation style includes two forms of citation: the bibliography style and the reference list style. This guide will cover the conventions of the bibliography style. In the Turabian* bibliography style format, you identify your sources of information with footnotes or endnotes, as well as in a bibliography at the end of your paper. “In bibliography-style citations, you signal that you have used a source by placing a superscript number at the end of the sentence in which you refer to it.” (15.3.1). For example:

According to Fruchtman, Thomas Paine was hailed as a champion of individual liberties in England after the publication of Paine's pamphlet, Common Sense.1
Use a new number each time you present a new quote or paraphrase, even if you use only one or two sources. Notes are arranged in numerical order, either placed at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper (endnotes). Numbers preceding the footnotes and endnotes should be typed on the line, followed by a period. Indent the first line 5 spaces. If you use the same information again in your paper, you can shorten the note citation. "A shortened note should include enough information for readers to find the full citation in your bibliography or in an earlier note." (16.4.1). The Latin abbreviation ibid. (for ibidem, "in the same place") can be used to cite a work immediately after a previous note citing that same work. "In notes, ibid. should be capitalized but not italicized. Since ibid. is an abbreviation, it must end with a period; if the citation includes a page number, put a comma after ibid. If the page number of a reference is the same as in the previous note, do not include a page number after ibid.” (16.4.2)

“Well-known reference works, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, should usually be cited only in notes” and not included in your bibliography. Cite the item you used in an alphabetically arranged reference work such as these. You do not need to cite the volume or page numbers, but put the Latin abbreviation s.v. (for sub verbo, meaning “under the word”) before the item you used. (17.5.3) Examples of notes are shown below. Notes 12 and 13 give examples of the use of s.v.

Footnotes / Endnotes

Book with one author
1. David L. Holmes, The Faiths of the Founding Fathers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 64.
Preceding work, same page
2. Ibid.
Preceding work, different page
3. Ibid., 81.
Book with an editor
4. Jack Goldstone, ed., Who's Who in Political Revolutions (Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1999), 119-120.
E-book
5. Jack Fruchtman Jr., Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1994), http://www.netLibrary.com/index.asp (accessed April 18, 2008).
Magazine article (Manual of Style, 15th ed., 17.182)
6. Richard Brookhiser, “Tom Paine. / Collected Writings,” National Review,” May 15, 1995, 65.
Magazine article from an online database (Manual of Style, 15th ed., 17.359)
7. Stuart Andrews, "Paine's American Pamphlets," History Today, July 1981, 7-11, http://search.ebscohost.com (accessed September 12, 2006).
Journal article with two authors
8. Carla H. Hay and Jay E. Smith, “Thomas Paine and the Religion of Nature,” Historian 58 (Spring 1996): 642.
Journal article from online database (Manual of Style, 15th ed., 17.180)
9. Harvey J. Kaye, “Founding Father,” American Heritage 56, no. 5 (2005): 66-68. http://search.ebscohost.com (accessed April 18, 2008).
Work already fully cited (book and article titles may be shortened)
10. Fruchtman, Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom, 125.
Book with more than one author or editor
Use “and others” or “et al.” for more than three authors
11. Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo, Daily Life during the American Revolution (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2003), 42.
Print encyclopedia article
12. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2005 ed., s.v. “Paine, Thomas.”
Online encyclopedia article (Manual of Style, 15th ed., 17.239)
13. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Paine, Thomas,” http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058012 (accessed April 18, 2008).
Web page (with author) (Manual of Style, 15th ed., 17.237)
14. Steven Kreis, “Thomas Paine, 1737-1809,” The History Guide, http://www.historyguide.org (accessed April 18, 2008).
Web page (no author) (Manual of Style, 15th ed., 17.237)
15. American Revolution Home Page, “Thomas Paine,” http://www.americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/PAINE.HTM (accessed April 18, 2008).
Work within a larger work
16. George Spater, "American Revolutionary, 1774-89," in Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine, ed. Ian Dyke (New York: St. Martin's Press,1988), 37.
Newspaper article
17. David W. Chen, “Rehabilitating Thomas Paine, Bit by Bony Bit,” New York Times, March 30, 2001, regional edition, sec. B, 1.
Online newspaper article (Manual of Style, 15th ed., 17.198)
18. Jon Meacham, “Founding Fathers Books by Gordon S. Wood and Richard Brookhiser: Original Intent,” New York Times, June 25, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25meacham.html (accessed April 18, 2008).

Bibliography

A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all the sources that contributed ideas and information to your paper, and should appear on a separate page at the end. The heading, Bibliography, is centered at the top of the page. Items are arranged in alphabetical order by the first word in the reference, whether it is a person's last name, an organization name, or the first word of a title (ignore a, an, and the). Articles from major, well-known dictionaries and encyclopedias are normally cited in notes rather than in bibliographies. Single-space the bibliography, leaving one blank line between entries. Use a “hanging indent” style: The first line should be flush left and subsequent lines should be indented at least five spaces.

Web page (no author) American Revolution Home Page. “Thomas Paine.”
http://www.americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/PAINE.HTM
(accessed April 18, 2008).
Magazine article from an online database Andrews, Stuart. “Paine's American Pamphlets.”
Magazine article Brookhiser, Richard. “Tom Paine. / Collected Writings.” National
Review,” May 15, 1995, 65-66.
Newspaper article Chen, David W. “Rehabilitating Thomas Paine, Bit by Bony Bit.” New
York Times, March 30, 2001, regional edition, sec. B.
E-book Fruchtman, Jack Jr. Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom. New York:
Four Walls Eight Windows, 1994.
http://www.netLibrary.com/index.asp (accessed April 18, 2008).
Book with an editor Goldstone, Jack, ed. Who's Who in Political Revolutions.
Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1999.
Journal article with two authors Hay, Carla H., and Jay E. Smith. “Thomas Paine and the Religion
of Nature.” Historian, 58 (Spring 1996): 642-643.
Book with one author Holmes, David L. The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2006.
Journal article from online database Kaye, Harvey J. “Founding Father.” American Heritage 56, no. 5
(2005): 66-68. http://search.ebscohost.com (accessed April 18,
2006).
Web page (with author) Kreis, Steven. “Thomas Paine, 1737-1809.” The History Guide.
http://www.historyguide.org (accessed April 18, 2008).
Online newspaper article Meacham, Jon. “Founding Fathers Books by Gordon S. Wood and
Richard Brookhiser: Original Intent.” New York Times, June 25,
2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/
review/25meacham.html (accessed April 18, 2008).
Work within a larger work Spater, George. “American Revolutionary, 1774-89.” In
Citizen of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine, ed.
Ian Dyke, 24-49. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.
Another work by the same author ___________. “The Early Years, 1737-74.” In Citizen of the World:
Essays on Thomas Paine, ed. Ian Dyke, 17-23. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1988.
Book with more than one author or editor Volo, Dorothy Denneen, and James M. Volo. Daily Life during the
American Revolution. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2003.

If you have a type of source not covered in the examples given, ask the librarian to show you the Turabian manual.

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.

7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.